.cs-root{--cs-paper:#faf6ee;--cs-tint:#f2eadb;--cs-rule:#ddd2bf;--cs-ink:#2f2a24;--cs-muted:#665d52;--cs-force:#b0362a;--cs-velocity:#1d6b5c;--cs-accel:#87570f;--cs-flag:#5a4699;--cs-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(60,45,20,.08),0 8px 24px rgba(60,45,20,.08);--cs-sheen:linear-gradient(180deg,hsla(0,0%,100%,.35),transparent 40%);--cs-noise:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='160' height='160'><filter id='n'><feTurbulence type='fractalNoise' baseFrequency='.9' numOctaves='2' stitchTiles='stitch'/><feColorMatrix values='0 0 0 0 0.35 0 0 0 0 0.27 0 0 0 0 0.15 0 0 0 0.06 0'/></filter><rect width='100%' height='100%' filter='url(%23n)'/></svg>");--cs-typewriter:var(--font-typewriter),"Courier Prime","Courier New",ui-monospace,monospace;color:var(--cs-ink)}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root:not([data-theme=light]) .cs-root{--cs-paper:#1d1b18;--cs-tint:#2a2622;--cs-rule:#4a433a;--cs-ink:#ebe4d6;--cs-muted:#b0a594;--cs-force:#f08a7a;--cs-velocity:#6cc4ad;--cs-accel:#e0b060;--cs-flag:#b8a8f0;--cs-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.4),0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.35);--cs-noise:none;--cs-sheen:none}}:root[data-theme=dark] .cs-root{--cs-paper:#1d1b18;--cs-tint:#2a2622;--cs-rule:#4a433a;--cs-ink:#ebe4d6;--cs-muted:#b0a594;--cs-force:#f08a7a;--cs-velocity:#6cc4ad;--cs-accel:#e0b060;--cs-flag:#b8a8f0;--cs-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.4),0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.35);--cs-noise:none;--cs-sheen:none}.cs-toolbar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:.75rem 1.25rem;margin:0 auto 1.25rem;max-width:860px;font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-size:.875rem;color:var(--cs-ink)}.cs-toolbar fieldset{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.25rem;border:0;padding:0;margin:0}.cs-toolbar legend{float:left;margin-right:.4rem;color:var(--cs-muted)}.cs-seg{border:1px solid var(--cs-rule);background:transparent;color:var(--cs-ink);padding:.3rem .65rem;min-height:36px;border-radius:6px;cursor:pointer}.cs-seg[aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--cs-ink);color:var(--cs-paper);border-color:var(--cs-ink)}.cs-check{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.4rem;min-height:36px;cursor:pointer}.cs-check input{accent-color:var(--cs-ink);width:1rem;height:1rem}.cs-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;text-decoration:none;font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-weight:700;border:1.5px solid var(--cs-ink);border-radius:999px;padding:.4rem 1rem;min-height:40px;background:transparent;color:var(--cs-ink);cursor:pointer}.cs-btn--primary{background:var(--cs-ink);color:var(--cs-paper)}.cs-page :focus-visible,.cs-toolbar :focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--cs-flag);outline-offset:2px}.cs-page{position:relative;max-width:860px;margin:0 auto 2rem;padding:1.25rem 1rem 1rem;background-color:var(--cs-paper);background-image:var(--cs-noise),var(--cs-sheen);border:1px solid var(--cs-rule);border-radius:4px;box-shadow:var(--cs-shadow);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.6;overflow-wrap:break-word}@media (min-width:768px){.cs-page{padding:2.25rem 2.5rem 1.5rem;font-size:.9em}}.cs-tw{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter)}.cs-header{border-bottom:2px solid var(--cs-ink);padding-bottom:.9rem;margin-bottom:1.1rem}.cs-header__top{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap-reverse;align-items:baseline;justify-content:space-between;gap:0 1rem}.cs-kicker{font-size:.75em;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--cs-muted)}.cs-kicker,.cs-title{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter)}.cs-title{font-weight:700;font-size:1.9em;line-height:1.15;margin:.2rem 0 .5rem;color:var(--cs-ink)}@media (min-width:768px){.cs-title{font-size:2.2em}}.cs-chips{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.35rem .5rem;margin-bottom:.6rem}.cs-chip{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-size:.78em;border:1px solid var(--cs-rule);border-radius:4px;padding:.05rem .45rem;background:var(--cs-tint);color:var(--cs-ink)}.cs-chip--code{font-weight:700;border-color:var(--cs-ink)}.cs-goal{margin:0}.cs-goal b{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter)}.cs-sheetbar{gap:.25rem 1rem;font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-size:.78em;color:var(--cs-muted);border-bottom:1.5px solid var(--cs-ink);padding-bottom:.4rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.cs-header__bottom,.cs-sheetbar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between}.cs-header__bottom{align-items:baseline;gap:.3rem 1.5rem}.cs-header__bottom .cs-goal{flex:1 1 24rem}.cs-tag--chip{font-size:.75em;padding:.05rem .45rem;margin-left:0;vertical-align:baseline}.cs-section{margin-bottom:1.3rem}.cs-section__head{margin:0 0 .55rem;padding-bottom:.15rem;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--cs-rule);-moz-column-break-after:avoid;break-after:avoid}.cs-section h2{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-weight:700;font-size:1.1em;letter-spacing:.02em;margin:0;color:var(--cs-ink)}.cs-num{margin-right:.4rem}.cs-continued,.cs-num{color:var(--cs-muted);font-weight:400}.cs-continued{font-size:.85em}.cs-h3{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-weight:700;font-size:.95em;margin:0 0 .25rem;-moz-column-break-after:avoid;break-after:avoid}.cs-para{margin:0 0 .45rem}.cs-tag{display:inline-block;font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-size:.7em;font-weight:700;line-height:1.3;color:var(--cs-flag);border:1px dashed var(--cs-flag);border-radius:3px;padding:0 .3rem;margin-left:.4rem;vertical-align:.1em;white-space:nowrap}.cs-flagged{border:1px dashed var(--cs-flag)!important}.cs-source{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-size:.72em;font-weight:400;color:var(--cs-muted);white-space:nowrap}.cs-explain{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:.8rem 1.4rem}@media (min-width:768px){.cs-explain{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.45fr) minmax(0,1fr)}}.cs-explain__figs{display:grid;gap:.8rem;align-content:start}@media (min-width:640px){.cs-explain--row{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)!important}.cs-explain--row .cs-explain__figs{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}.cs-terms{margin:.5rem 0 0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:.4rem 1.2rem}@media (min-width:768px){.cs-terms{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}.cs-terms dt{font-weight:700}.cs-terms dd{margin:0}.cs-quote{border-left:3px solid var(--cs-ink);padding-left:.6rem}.cs-deriv{margin-bottom:.9rem;-moz-column-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid}.cs-deriv__grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:.6rem 1.2rem;align-items:start}@media (min-width:768px){.cs-deriv__grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,.85fr) minmax(0,1.15fr)}}.cs-dsteps{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;counter-reset:cs-d}.cs-dsteps>li{counter-increment:cs-d;position:relative;padding-left:1.5rem;margin-bottom:.15rem}.cs-dsteps>li:before{content:counter(cs-d) ".";position:absolute;left:0;top:0;font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-weight:700;color:var(--cs-muted)}.cs-result{position:relative;border:2px solid var(--cs-ink);border-radius:4px;padding:.15rem .75rem 0;margin-top:.7rem;background:var(--cs-tint)}.cs-result__label{position:absolute;top:-.75em;left:.6rem;padding:0 .35rem;background:var(--cs-tint);border:1px solid var(--cs-ink);border-radius:3px;font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-weight:700;font-size:.7em;line-height:1.4;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;color:var(--cs-ink)}.cs-result .cs-math-block{flex:1;min-width:0}.cs-boxes{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:.6rem}@media (min-width:560px){.cs-boxes{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}@media (min-width:900px){.cs-boxes{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr))}}.cs-box{border:2px solid var(--cs-ink);border-radius:6px;padding:.4rem .7rem .35rem;background:var(--cs-tint);-moz-column-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid;display:flex;flex-direction:column}.cs-box__name{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-weight:700;font-size:.8em;line-height:1.35}.cs-box .cs-math-block{flex:1;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.cs-box__note{font-size:.75em;color:var(--cs-muted);text-align:center}.cs-math-block{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;padding:.1rem 0;font-size:1.05em}.cs-math-block .katex-display{margin:.3rem 0}.cs-symbols{margin-top:.7rem;font-size:.85em}.cs-symbols__title{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-weight:700;font-size:.85em;padding-bottom:.2rem}.cs-symbols ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);-moz-column-gap:1.4rem;column-gap:1.4rem}@media (min-width:768px){.cs-symbols ul{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}.cs-symbols li{display:grid;grid-template-columns:2.4rem minmax(0,1fr) auto;gap:0 .5rem;align-items:baseline;padding:.08rem 0;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--cs-rule)}.cs-symbols__unit{text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;color:var(--cs-muted)}.cs-legend{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.3rem 1rem;font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-size:.78em;margin:0}.cs-legend span{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.35rem}.cs-legend i{display:inline-block;width:1.4rem;height:0;border-top:2.5px solid}.cs-fig{margin:0;-moz-column-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid}.cs-fig svg,.cs-sample__fig svg{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;max-height:270px}.cs-fig__title{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-weight:700;font-size:.8em}.cs-fig figcaption{font-size:.8em;line-height:1.45;color:var(--cs-muted)}.cs-fig__ref{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-size:.7em;color:var(--cs-muted);text-align:center}.cs-role-force{color:var(--cs-force)}.cs-role-velocity{color:var(--cs-velocity)}.cs-role-acceleration{color:var(--cs-accel)}.cs-role-ink{color:var(--cs-ink)}.cs-role-muted{color:var(--cs-muted)}path.cs-soft{fill:var(--cs-tint);stroke:none}.cs-fig-math{font-family:KaTeX_Math,Times New Roman,serif;font-style:italic;fill:currentColor}.cs-fig-math .cs-fig-upright{font-family:KaTeX_Main,Times New Roman,serif;font-style:normal}.cs-fig-note{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);fill:currentColor}.cs-sample{margin-bottom:.9rem;-moz-column-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid}.cs-question{background:var(--cs-tint);border-left:3px solid var(--cs-ink);padding:.4rem .7rem;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;margin-bottom:.4rem}.cs-sample__grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:.4rem 1rem}@media (min-width:768px){.cs-sample__grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 9.5rem}}.cs-sample__fig svg{max-height:150px}@media (min-width:768px){.cs-sample__grid--figure{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) minmax(0,.6fr)}}.cs-steps{list-style:none;counter-reset:cs-step;padding:0;margin:0}.cs-steps>li{counter-increment:cs-step}.cs-step__text:before{content:"Step " counter(cs-step) ". ";font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-weight:700}.cs-answer{border:1.5px solid var(--cs-ink);border-radius:4px;padding:.3rem .7rem;margin-top:.3rem}.cs-answer b,.cs-unitcheck{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter)}.cs-unitcheck{font-size:.72em;line-height:1.3;color:var(--cs-muted);text-align:right;margin-top:.2rem}.cs-unitcheck .katex{font-size:1.05em}.cs-practice{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:.45rem 1.2rem}@media (min-width:768px){.cs-practice{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}.cs-practice>li{display:flex;gap:.5rem;-moz-column-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid}.cs-practice__n{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-weight:700;color:var(--cs-muted);flex:none;min-width:1.9rem}.cs-practice__ans{margin-top:.1rem}.cs-practice__ans summary{cursor:pointer;font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-size:.75em;color:var(--cs-muted);min-height:24px}.cs-practice__ans[open] summary{color:var(--cs-ink)}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){.cs-practice__ans[open]>:not(summary){animation:cs-reveal .18s ease-out}}@keyframes cs-reveal{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}.cs-practice__printed{display:none;font-size:.8em;color:var(--cs-muted)}.cs-other{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:.6rem 1.4rem}@media (min-width:768px){.cs-other{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.cs-other__mistakes{grid-column:1/-1}}.cs-mistakes{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0;display:grid;gap:.4rem}@media (min-width:768px){.cs-mistakes{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:.4rem 1.1rem}}.cs-mistakes li{border-left:2px solid var(--cs-rule);padding-left:.55rem;-moz-column-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid}.cs-mistakes p{margin:0}.cs-wrong{color:var(--cs-muted)}.cs-right b,.cs-wrong b{font-family:var(--cs-typewriter)}.cs-bullets{margin:0 0 .4rem;padding-left:1.1rem;list-style:disc}.cs-bullets li+li{margin-top:.15rem}.cs-explore-line{margin:.2rem 0 0;font-size:.92em}.cs-bullets a,.cs-explore-line a{color:var(--cs-ink);text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}.cs-footer{margin-top:.8rem;padding-top:.4rem;border-top:1px dashed var(--cs-rule);font-family:var(--cs-typewriter);font-size:.7em;color:var(--cs-muted);display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;gap:.2rem 1rem}@media print{:root .cs-root,:root[data-theme] .cs-root{--cs-paper:#faf6ee;--cs-tint:#f2eadb;--cs-rule:#cfc3ad;--cs-ink:#2f2a24;--cs-muted:#5c544a;--cs-force:#b0362a;--cs-velocity:#1d6b5c;--cs-accel:#87570f;--cs-flag:#5a4699;--cs-noise:none;--cs-sheen:none}.cs-root .cs-noprint,body:has(.cs-root)>:not(main),main:has(.cs-root)>:not(.cs-root){display:none!important}body:has(.cs-root),main:has(.cs-root){background:#fff!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important;min-height:0!important;max-width:none!important}.cs-page{max-width:none;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;font-size:9pt;line-height:1.4;-moz-column-break-after:page;break-after:page;background:#fff}.cs-page:last-child{-moz-column-break-after:auto;break-after:auto}.cs-fig svg,.cs-root[data-ink=tint] .cs-box,.cs-root[data-ink=tint] .cs-chip,.cs-root[data-ink=tint] .cs-page,.cs-root[data-ink=tint] .cs-question,.cs-root[data-ink=tint] .cs-result,.cs-sample__fig svg{print-color-adjust:exact;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact}.cs-root[data-ink=tint] .cs-page{background:var(--cs-paper)}.cs-root[data-ink=saver] .cs-result__label{background:#fff}.cs-root[data-ink=saver] .cs-box,.cs-root[data-ink=saver] .cs-chip,.cs-root[data-ink=saver] .cs-question,.cs-root[data-ink=saver] .cs-result,.cs-root[data-ink=saver] path.cs-soft{background:transparent;fill:#fff}.cs-title{font-size:16pt;margin:0 0 .25rem}.cs-terms{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.cs-symbols ul{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));-moz-column-gap:1rem;column-gap:1rem}.cs-symbols li{grid-template-columns:1.6rem minmax(0,1fr) auto}.cs-box{padding:.25rem .55rem .2rem}.cs-deriv,.cs-sample{margin-bottom:.55rem}.cs-question{padding:.3rem .6rem}.cs-header{padding-bottom:.5rem}.cs-header,.cs-section{margin-bottom:.7rem}.cs-section__head{margin-bottom:.35rem}.cs-explain{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.8fr) minmax(0,1fr)}.cs-explain--row .cs-explain__figs{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.cs-deriv__grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,.85fr) minmax(0,1.15fr)}.cs-boxes{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr))}.cs-sample__grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 34mm}.cs-sample__grid--figure{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) minmax(0,.6fr)}.cs-mistakes,.cs-other,.cs-practice{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.cs-other__mistakes{grid-column:1/-1}.cs-fig svg{max-height:58mm}.cs-sample__fig svg{max-height:34mm}.cs-math-block{overflow:visible}.cs-math-block .katex-display{margin:.15rem 0}.cs-practice__ans{display:none}.cs-root[data-print-answers=on] .cs-practice__printed{display:block}.cs-footer{margin-top:.4rem;padding-top:.2rem}}@media (min-width:768px){.cs-root--single .cs-steps>li{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) minmax(0,1.25fr);-moz-column-gap:1rem;column-gap:1rem;align-items:center}.cs-root--single .cs-answer-row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:.2rem 1rem}.cs-root--single .cs-answer-row .cs-answer{flex:1 1 auto}.cs-root--single .cs-answer-row .cs-unitcheck{margin:.3rem 0 0}}.cs-root--single .cs-math-block .katex-display{margin:.1rem 0}.cs-root--single .cs-sample{margin-bottom:.5rem}@media print{.cs-root--single .cs-steps>li{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) minmax(0,1.25fr);-moz-column-gap:.8rem;column-gap:.8rem;align-items:center}.cs-root--single .cs-answer-row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:.2rem 1rem}.cs-root--single .cs-answer-row .cs-answer{flex:1 1 auto}.cs-root--single .cs-answer-row .cs-unitcheck{margin:.3rem 0 0}.cs-root--single .cs-section{margin-bottom:.5rem}.cs-root--single .cs-fig svg{max-height:38mm}}.cs-root--single .cs-explain .cs-terms{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}@media (min-width:768px){.cs-root--single .cs-other{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.8fr) minmax(0,1fr) minmax(0,1fr)}.cs-root--single .cs-other__mistakes{grid-column:auto}.cs-root--single .cs-other .cs-mistakes{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}}@media print{.cs-root--single .cs-explain .cs-terms{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}.cs-root--single .cs-other{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.8fr) minmax(0,1fr) minmax(0,1fr)}.cs-root--single .cs-other__mistakes{grid-column:auto}.cs-root--single .cs-other .cs-mistakes{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}.cs-root--single .cs-section h2{font-size:1em}.cs-root--single .cs-section__head{margin-bottom:.25rem}}.cs-root--single .cs-steps>li>.cs-step__text:only-child{grid-column:1/-1}.cs-root--single .cs-dsteps>li{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;-moz-column-gap:.8rem;column-gap:.8rem}.cs-root--single .cs-dsteps>li>.cs-math-block{margin-left:auto}.cs-root--single .cs-dsteps>li:before{position:static;flex:none;width:1.5rem;margin-left:-1.5rem}.cs-root--single .cs-dsteps>li{align-items:baseline}@media (min-width:900px),print{.cs-root--single .cs-boxes:has(>:nth-child(4):last-child){grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr))}}